Svobodo izražanja maje naraščajoče število strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti (SLAPP – strategic litigation against public participation). Zavod Open je kot član Pravne mreže za varstvo demokracije del evropskega izobraževalnega projekta, ki želi zagotoviti, da bodo civilna družba in odvetniki, ki se borijo za zaščito človekovih pravic, s pomočjo.
Strateške tožbe zoper sodelovanje javnosti temeljijo na neenaki porazdelitvi moči, ki seže tudi na področje sodstva. Z očitki, kot so razžalitve, krnitve dobrega imena ter kršitve zasebnosti ali celo javnega reda in miru, strateške tožbe zoper sodelovanje javnosti izkoriščajo možnost, da na toženega vplivajo z grožnjo visokih finančnih stroškov in kazni, psihološkimi pritiski ter preusmeritvijo časa in pozornosti.
Projekt PATFox (Pioneering anti-SLAPP Training for Freedom of Expression) želi ponuditi znanje predvsem odvetnikom, ki v primerih tožb, s katerimi želijo podjetja ali politiki in oblastniki utišati legitimne kritike z zlorabo prava, branijo novinarje, medije, nevladne organizacije, žvižgače, akademike in aktiviste.
Namen sodišč je poprava krivic in vzpostavitev pravičnosti. A odkar obstajajo, se jih zlorablja tudi z vlaganjem tožb, katerih namen je zgolj nadlegovanje. V prvih desetletjih 21. stoletja je prišlo do izrazitega porasta pravnega nadlegovanja s strateškimi tožbami zoper sodelovanje javnosti. Te tožniki vložijo, pa čeprav nimajo resnih možnosti za uspeh, saj to niti ni njihov cilj – cilj je zastraševanje. V molk in iz javnosti želijo pregnati kritike izkoriščevalskih podjetij in skorumpiranih vladnih služb, hkrati pa z grožnjami visokih sodnih stroškov in kazni ljudi odvrniti od prihodnjih razkritij nepravilnosti.
Projekt PATFox bo zato zbral in odvetnikom ter pravnim strokovnjakom ponudil uporabno znanje tehnik in strategij zoperstavljanja strateškim tožbam zoper sodelovanje javnosti. Pri projektu sodelujejo partnerji iz enajstih članic EU – Nemčije, Slovaške, Romunije, Bolgarije, Španije, Hrvaške, Madžarske, Poljske, Malte, Cipra in Slovenije. Izhodišča obrambe proti strateškim tožbam zoper sodelovanje javnosti so v mednarodnem pravu, pravu EU in človekovih pravicah, črpajo pa iz izkušenj odvetnikov ter javnosti na lokalnih in nacionalnih ravneh.
Trenutno ostajajo strateške tožbe zoper sodelovanje javnosti slabo raziskane in sistemsko nenaslovljene. K boljši ureditvi na ravni EU poziva med drugim vseevropska kampanja, ki jo podpira več kot 200.000 evropskih državljank in državljanov ter 170 civilno-družbenih organizacij. Koalicija proti strateškim tožbam zoper sodelovanje javnosti v Evropi (CASE – Coalition against SLAPPs in Europe) želi doseči sprejem direktive proti strateškim tožbam zoper sodelovanje javnosti in zbira primere ter posledice tovrstnih tožb po vsej Evropi. Do marca 2022 je analiza več kot 570 SLAPP tožb potrdila, da gre za vse bolj razširjen problem, ki pomembno vpliva tudi na delovanje demokracije. Komisija EU je aprila 2022 javnosti predstavila prvi osnutek direktive o preprečevanju napadov na državljanke in državljane, ki javno opozarjajo na nepravilnosti, a ta ureja zgolj mednarodne primere strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti. V priporočilih je Komisija dodala, naj članice dekriminalizirajo razžalitev in začno sistematično zbirati podatke o strateških tožbah zoper sodelovanje javnosti.
Nekaj dejstev o strateških tožbah zoper sodelovanje javnosti:
-Leta 2016 je znanih vsaj 24 vloženih strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti; pet let kasneje, leta 2021, jih je bilo zabeleženih že 114.
-Največ poznanih strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti je bilo v absolutnem številu vloženih na Hrvaškem, v Italiji in na Poljskem; proporcionalno, torej upoštevajoč število prebivalstva, je Slovenija med neslavno vodilno trojico, in sicer za Malto ter Hrvaško.
-Večina tožbenih zahtevkov strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti temelji na zatrjevanju razžalitve oziroma oškodovanja dobrega imena, vse več pa jih zlorablja tudi zakonodajo, ki varuje osebne podatke.
-Desetina primerov poznanih strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti je mednarodnih, kar četrtina jih je bilo vloženih v Združenem kraljestvu.
-Najpogostejše tarče strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti so novinarji, mediji, aktivisti, nevladne organizacije in akademiki. Več kot polovica tožb je bila uperjenih zoper posameznike, torej fizične osebe.
-Skoraj tretjino strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti so vložila podjetja ali poslovneži, slabo četrtino tožb so vložili politiki ali nosilci javnih funkcij, tem sledijo državni organi in člani pravosodja.
Tarča 47 strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti je bila pred smrtjo leta 2017 tudi malteška novinarka Daphne Caruana Galizia. Njena smrt je bila eden od znakov spreminjajočega se okolja – vse šibkejših medijev in vse močnejših podjetij ter posameznikov. Pri projektu PATFox, ki bo praktičnemu pravnemu znanju dodal tudi instrumente finančne forenzike in orodja za zaščito žvižgačev ter varovanje zasebnosti, bo sodeloval tudi malteški profesor prava Justin Borg-Barthet, vodilni poznavalec strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti v EU, ki trenutno predava in raziskuje na Univerzi v Aberdeenu v Avstraliji.
Vodja pravnega oddelka mednarodne fundacije Baltasar Garzón, partnerice v projektu, Alessia Schiavon, poudarja pomen pravne opolnomočenosti pri zoperstavljanju grožnjam strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti: “Pravni strokovnjaki igrajo ključno vlogo pri zagotavljanju in spoštovanju človekovih pravic ter temeljnih svoboščin. Žal pa na področju strateških tožb zoper sodelovanje javnosti večinoma še vedno manjkajo prava znanja in orodja, s katerimi bi lahko uspešno zaščitili in branili svoje stranke na sodiščih.”
Spletno mesto projekta: https://www.antislapp.eu
Facebook stran projekta: https://www.facebook.com/AntiSLAPPEU
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