KAKO LAHKO “DOBRO OBVEŠČENI” VIRI DVIGNEJO BORZNI TEČAJ ZA 10 ODSTOTKOV

KAKO LAHKO “DOBRO OBVEŠČENI” VIRI DVIGNEJO BORZNI TEČAJ ZA 10 ODSTOTKOV

Eno ključnih orodij novinarskega dela je sposobnost ločevanja dejanskega od domnevnega, za njegovo uporabo pa mora biti novinar zmožen razumevanja in celostne presoje informacije in njenega vira. Pri tem je ključna presoja virovega interesa – še zlasti, če bo temeljni vir članka ostal anonimen in bo bralcu predstavljen z “vir, ki mu zaupamo”. Novinar si mora pred tako objavo odgovoriti vsaj na vprašanje, kako bo objava informacije vplivala na (zasebne ali profesionalne) interese vira in na njegov (finančni) položaj.

Kodeks Društva novinarjev Slovenije pravi, da mora novinar, kadar je le mogoče, navesti vir informacije. (6. člen) Dopušča pa, da se novinar z virom informacij, ki ga sicer lahko identificira, dogovori za zagotavljanje anonimnosti – a mu postavlja pogoj: “Takšen vir lahko uporabi le, če informacij ni mogel pridobiti na drug način, objava pa je v javnem interesu.” In nadaljuje: “Novinar je dolžan spoštovati dogovor o anonimnosti vira.” (8. člen)

Novinar mora torej pred vsako objavo informacije anonimnega vira presoditi, ali je ta objava v interesu vira in/ali širše skupnosti. Če se potrdi, da bo vir z objavo informacije nesporno imel koristi, mora to biti za novinarja rdeča luč in razlog, da – kljub pripoznanemu obstoju interesa širše javnosti – pred objavo počaka na uradne odgovore ter zbira dodatne podatke in odzive. V konkretnih primerih je taka presoja zahtevna, saj viri, ki so vešči odnosov z novinarji in imajo močan osebni interes za objavo neke informacije, znajo novinarju informacijo podati s kontekstom, ki izrazito izpostavlja domnevni javni interes in zakriva osebnega. Takšni osebni interesi so pogosto finančne narave in povezani z akterji na finančnem trgu. Kljub zahtevnosti presoje novinar ne sme dopustiti, da njega – in posledično bralce – »vir, ki mu zaupa(mo)« zavede.

Učbeniški primer vpliva objave informacije anonimnega vira na finančni trg, je bil nedavno objavljen članek v Financah. Časnik Finance je 1. februarja popoldne, po zaprtju borze, na spletni strani objavil članek z naslovom Kitajski Haier že brska po Gorenju! Pri Bobincu spet molčijo. Prvi stavek se je glasil: »Kitajski megaproizvajalec bele tehnike Haier že izvaja skrbni pregled Gorenja, pravzaprav to zanj izvaja ena od svetovalnih družb, natančneje PwC, se že nekaj dni širi po trgu. To nam je potrdilo tudi več virov, ki jim zaupamo.« Ključen očitek članka Gorenju je bil, da ne skrbi za enakomerno obveščenost vseh udeležencev trga (»Ponavlja se »Panasonic« – Bobinac molči!«). Vseboval je sicer tudi odgovor Gorenja, ki je bil enak odgovoru, ki ga je Gorenje poslalo Financam že sredi januarja: »Kot smo objavili že ob začetku postopka iskanja ustreznega strateškega partnerja, bomo podrobnosti o teh aktivnostih na ustrezen način sporočili, če bo prišlo do kakršnihkoli konkretnih nadaljnjih korakov oziroma če bi se te aktivnosti končale.« Članek je naslednji dan, 2. februarja, izšel v tiskani izdaji in bil napovedan na naslovnici. 5. februarja pa je bil na naslovnici Financ najavljen Popravek in prikaz nasprotnih dejstev: Haier in PwC v Gorenju ne opravljata skrbnega pregleda poslovanja. Ta med drugim navaja: “Uprava Gorenja odločno zanika … objavljene informacije, da bi podjetje Haier ali v njegovem imenu ena od svetovalnih družb, natančneje PwC, v podjetju Gorenje, d. d., izvajala skrbni pregled poslovanja. Skrbnega pregleda poslovanja v družbi ne izvaja tudi nobeno drugo podjetje ali njihov svetovalec.« Gorenje je torej demantiralo pisanje časnika Finance.

delnicaGORENJANe gre spregledati, da je 1. februarja, na dan objave ekskluzivne informacije neimenovanih »virov s trga, ki jim zaupamo«, delnica Gorenja na borzi dosegala najnižjo vrednost v zadnjih skoraj dveh letih: uradni tečaj je po strmem padcu na zadnji dan januarja 1. februarja pristal na 4,80 EUR, kolikor je nazadnje znašal aprila 2016. Po objavi članka v Financah se je tečaj popravil za dobrih deset odstotkov: uradni tečaj je bil 5. februarja 5,30 EUR. Taka korekcija pomeni, da bi npr. za 100.000 delnic Gorenja (vseh je 24,4 mio) prodajalec 5. februarja lahko dobil 50.000 EUR več kot 1. februarja. Po objavi demantija je tečaj padel, 9. februarja je bil 5.160 EUR.

Zloraba trga finančnih instrumentov lahko pomeni tudi kaznivo dejanje po 239. členu Kazenskega zakonika, ki katerem se z zaporom do treh let kaznuje, kdor, zato da bi sebi ali komu drugemu pridobil protipravno premoženjsko korist, s prepovedanim ravnanjem zlorabi trg finančnih instrumentov, tako, da razširja napačne ali zavajajoče informacije o finančnih instrumentih, z istim ciljem razširja govorice ter napačne in zavajajoče novice po medijih, medmrežju ali na drug podoben način. A ker je naklep in vzročno zvezo med ravnanjem in prepovedano posledico v tem primeru zelo težko dokazati, so se dobro obveščeni »viri s trga, ki jim zaupamo« 2. februarja verjetno zgolj nasmehnili in oddahnili. Dobili so svoje.

M.B.

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